Create ata.h

implement the base ata pio mode driver so that the filesystems like fat16, fat32 work. This is the header for that. It will need a iso9660 driver for cdrom etc optical media

.clang-format

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+BasedOnStyle: Google
+IndentWidth: 4
+TabWidth: 4
+UseTab: Never
+ColumnLimit: 80
+
+DerivePointerAlignment: false
+PointerAlignment: Right
+ReferenceAlignment: Right
+
+AlignConsecutiveMacros: Consecutive
+AlignTrailingComments:
+  Kind: Always
+  OverEmptyLines: 0
+
+IncludeBlocks: Regroup
+IncludeCategories:
+  # Std headers
+  - Regex: '<[[:alnum:]_.]+>'
+    Priority: 2
+
+  # Other headers
+  - Regex: '.*'
+    Priority: 1

.clangd

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+CompileFlags:
+  CompilationDatabase: build
+
+Diagnostics:
+  UnusedIncludes: Strict
+  MissingIncludes: Strict

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+root = true
+
+[*]
+charset = utf-8
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newline = true
+trim_trailing_whitespace = true
+
+[Makefile]
+indent_style = tab
+indent_size = 8
+tab_width = 8

.gitignore

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 .build.env
 build
 cross
+.cache/
+compile_commands.json

Makefile

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ QEMU= qemu-system-i386
 OBJCOPY = i386-elf-objcopy
 
 BUILD_DIR = build
+CROSS_DIR = cross
 DISK_IMG = $(BUILD_DIR)/disk.img
 STAGE2_SIZE = 2048
 
@@ -14,9 +15,12 @@ KERNEL_ASM_SRC = $(wildcard kernel/*.asm)
 KERNEL_OBJ = $(patsubst kernel/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o, $(KERNEL_C_SRC))
 KERNEL_OBJ += $(patsubst kernel/%.asm, $(BUILD_DIR)/asm_%.o, $(KERNEL_ASM_SRC))
 
+KLIBC_SRC = $(wildcard klibc/src/*.c)
+KLIBC_OBJ = $(patsubst klibc/src/%.c, $(BUILD_DIR)/klibc/%.o, $(KLIBC_SRC))
+
+.PHONY: all stage1 stage2 kernel compile-commands $(BUILD_DIR)/compile_commands.json run gdb clean clean-cross clean-all
 all: $(DISK_IMG)
 
-.PHONY: stage1 stage2 kernel run gdb clean
 stage1: $(BUILD_DIR)
 	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.o bootloader/$@.asm
 	$(LD) -Ttext=0x7c00 -melf_i386 -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.elf $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.o
@@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ stage1: $(BUILD_DIR)
 # Alternatively, convey the final stage2 size through other means to stage1.
 stage2: $(BUILD_DIR)
 	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $(BUILD_DIR)/stage2.o bootloader/stage2.asm
-	$(CC) -std=c11 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -fno-stack-protector -m32 -g -c -o $(BUILD_DIR)/stage2_load.o bootloader/stage2_load.c
+	$(CC) -std=c11 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -nostdinc -fno-stack-protector -m32 -Iklibc/include -g -c -o $(BUILD_DIR)/stage2_load.o bootloader/stage2_load.c
 	$(LD) -Tbootloader/stage2.ld -melf_i386 -o $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.elf $(BUILD_DIR)/stage2.o $(BUILD_DIR)/stage2_load.o
 	$(OBJCOPY) -O binary $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.elf $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.bin
 	truncate -s $(STAGE2_SIZE) $(BUILD_DIR)/$@.bin
@@ -35,10 +39,13 @@ $(BUILD_DIR)/asm_%.o: kernel/%.asm
 	$(AS) $(ASFLAGS) -o $@ $<
 
 $(BUILD_DIR)/%.o: kernel/%.c
-	$(CC) -std=c11 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -fno-stack-protector -m32 -g -c -o $@ $<
+	$(CC) -std=c11 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -nostdinc -fno-stack-protector -m32 -Iklibc/include -g -c -o $@ $<
 
-kernel: $(KERNEL_OBJ) | $(BUILD_DIR)
+$(BUILD_DIR)/klibc/%.o: klibc/src/%.c
-	$(LD) -melf_i386 -Tkernel/linker.ld -o $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.elf $(KERNEL_OBJ)
+	$(CC) -std=c11 -ffreestanding -nostdlib -nostdinc -fno-stack-protector -m32 -Iklibc/include -g -c -o $@ $<
+
+kernel: $(KERNEL_OBJ) | $(BUILD_DIR) $(KLIBC_OBJ)
+	$(LD) -melf_i386 -Tkernel/linker.ld -o $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.elf $(KERNEL_OBJ) $(KLIBC_OBJ)
 
 $(DISK_IMG): stage1 stage2 kernel
 	dd if=$(BUILD_DIR)/stage1.bin of=$@
@@ -48,6 +55,11 @@ $(DISK_IMG): stage1 stage2 kernel
 
 $(BUILD_DIR):
 	mkdir -p $@
+	mkdir -p $(BUILD_DIR)/klibc
+
+compile-commands: $(BUILD_DIR)/compile_commands.json
+$(BUILD_DIR)/compile_commands.json: $(BUILD_DIR)
+	bear --output $@ -- make -B
 
 run:
 	qemu-system-i386 -s -S $(DISK_IMG)
@@ -57,4 +69,9 @@ gdb:
 
 clean:
 	rm -rf $(BUILD_DIR)
+
+clean-cross:
 	rm -rf $(CROSS_DIR)
+	rm -rf .build.env
+
+clean-all: clean clean-cross

bootloader/stage2.asm

@@ -24,75 +24,3 @@ _start:
     call load_kernel
 
     jmp eax
-
-; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-; ATA read sectors (LBA mode) 
-;
-; sysv32 abi signature:
-; void ata_lba_read(uint32_t lba, uint8_t nsect, void *addr);
-; ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-ata_lba_read:
-    push ebp
-    mov ebp, esp
-
-    push ebx
-    push ecx
-    push edx
-    push edi
-
-    mov eax, [ebp+8]     ; arg #1 = LBA
-    mov cl, [ebp+12]     ; arg #2 = # of sectors
-    mov edi, [ebp+16]    ; arg #3 = buffer address
-    and eax, 0x0FFFFFFF
-
-    mov ebx, eax         ; Save LBA in RBX
-
-    mov edx, 0x01F6      ; Port to send drive and bit 24 - 27 of LBA
-    shr eax, 24          ; Get bit 24 - 27 in al
-    or al, 11100000b     ; Set bit 6 in al for LBA mode
-    out dx, al
-
-    mov edx, 0x01F2      ; Port to send number of sectors
-    mov al, cl           ; Get number of sectors from CL
-    out dx, al
-
-    mov edx, 0x1F3       ; Port to send bit 0 - 7 of LBA
-    mov eax, ebx         ; Get LBA from EBX
-    out dx, al
-
-    mov edx, 0x1F4       ; Port to send bit 8 - 15 of LBA
-    mov eax, ebx         ; Get LBA from EBX
-    shr eax, 8           ; Get bit 8 - 15 in AL
-    out dx, al
-
-    mov edx, 0x1F5       ; Port to send bit 16 - 23 of LBA
-    mov eax, ebx         ; Get LBA from EBX
-    shr eax, 16          ; Get bit 16 - 23 in AL
-    out dx, al
-
-    mov edx, 0x1F7       ; Command port
-    mov al, 0x20         ; Read with retry.
-    out dx, al
-
-    mov bl, cl          ; Save # of sectors in BL
-
-.wait_drq:
-    mov edx, 0x1F7
-.do_wait_drq:
-    in al, dx
-    test al, 8           ; the sector buffer requires servicing.
-    jz .do_wait_drq      ; keep polling until the sector buffer is ready.
-
-    mov edx, 0x1F0       ; Data port, in and out
-    mov ecx, 256
-    rep insw             ; in to [RDI]
-
-    dec bl               ; are we...
-    jnz .wait_drq        ; ...done?
-
-    pop edi
-    pop edx
-    pop ecx
-    pop ebx
-    pop ebp
-    ret

bootloader/stage2.ld

@@ -9,6 +9,4 @@ SECTIONS {
         *(.bss*)
         *(COMMON)
     }
-
-    read_buf = .;
 }

bootloader/stage2_load.c

@@ -1,5 +1,20 @@
+#include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+// ATA IO Ports
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_DATA            0x1F0
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_ERR_FEATURES    0x1F1
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_SEC_COUNT       0x1F2
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_LBA_LOW         0x1F3
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_LBA_MID         0x1F4
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_LBA_HIGH        0x1F5
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_DRIVE_SEL       0x1F6
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_COMM_STAT       0x1F7
+
+// ATA Commands
+#define ATA_CMD_READ_PIO            0x20
+#define ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO           0x30
+
 // ELF Ident indexes
 #define EI_NIDENT                   16
 
@@ -7,6 +22,19 @@
 #define PT_NULL                     0
 #define PT_LOAD                     1
 
+// Disk sector size
+#define SECTOR_SIZE                 512
+#define PH_PER_SECTOR               (SECTOR_SIZE / sizeof(Elf32_Phdr))
+
+// Kernel start LBA
+#define KERN_START_SECT             5
+
+// VGA
+// Expects bios initialization for text mode (3), buffer at 0xb8000
+#define VGA_ADDRESS                 0xB8000
+#define VGA_COLS                    80
+#define VGA_ROWS                    25
+
 // ELF Header (32-bit)
 typedef struct {
     uint8_t  e_ident[EI_NIDENT];
@@ -37,82 +65,171 @@ typedef struct {
     uint32_t p_align;
 } __attribute__((packed)) Elf32_Phdr;
 
+static inline uint8_t inb(uint16_t port)
+{
+    uint8_t ret;
+    __asm__ volatile ("inb %1, %0"
+                      : "=a"(ret)
+                      : "Nd"(port));
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void outb(uint16_t port, uint8_t val)
+{
+    __asm__ volatile ("outb %0, %1"
+                      :
+                      : "a"(val), "Nd"(port));
+}
+
+static inline uint16_t inw(uint16_t port)
+{
+    uint16_t ret;
+    __asm__ volatile ("inw %1, %0"
+                      : "=a"(ret)
+                      : "Nd"(port));
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static inline void ata_wait_bsy() {
+    while (inb(ATA_PRIMARY_COMM_STAT) & 0x80);
+}
+
+static inline void ata_wait_drq() {
+    while (!(inb(ATA_PRIMARY_COMM_STAT) & 0x08));
+}
+
+static void ata_read_sector(void *addr, uint32_t lba) {
+    ata_wait_bsy();
+
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_DRIVE_SEL, 0xE0 | ((lba >> 24) & 0x0F));
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_SEC_COUNT, 1);
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_LBA_LOW, (uint8_t)lba);
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_LBA_MID, (uint8_t)(lba >> 8));
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_LBA_HIGH, (uint8_t)(lba >> 16));
+    outb(ATA_PRIMARY_COMM_STAT, ATA_CMD_READ_PIO);
+
+    uint16_t* ptr = (uint16_t*)addr;
+    ata_wait_bsy();
+    ata_wait_drq();
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+        *ptr++ = inw(ATA_PRIMARY_DATA);
+    }
+}
+
+static void ata_read_sectors(uint8_t *addr, uint32_t offset, uint32_t size)
+{
+    // Reads are offset from the starting sector of the kernel
+    uint32_t lba = KERN_START_SECT + offset / SECTOR_SIZE;
+    uint32_t off = offset % 512;
+    uint8_t data[512];
+
+    while (size > 0) {
+        ata_read_sector(data, lba);
+
+        uint32_t copy = 512 - off;
+        if (copy > size) {
+            copy = size;
+        }
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < copy; i++) {
+            addr[i] = data[off + i];
+        }
+
+        addr += copy;
+        size -= copy;
+        lba++;
+        off = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+static void on_error(const char *msg)
+{
+    uint16_t *ptr = (uint16_t *)VGA_ADDRESS;
+
+    // Clear
+    uint16_t val = 0x0f00 | (uint8_t)' ';
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < VGA_COLS * VGA_ROWS; i++) {
+        ptr[i] = val;
+    }
+
+    // Print error
+    for (size_t i = 0; msg[i]; i++) {
+        ptr[i] = 0xf00 | (uint8_t)msg[i];
+    }
+
+    // Halt
+    while (1) {
+        __asm__("hlt");
+    }
+}
+
 // Load an ELF executable into memory.
-static int elf_load(const void* data, void (*load_segment)(uint8_t *vaddr, uint32_t src, uint32_t size)) {
+// NOTE: Only 32-byte program headers are supported.
-    const Elf32_Ehdr* header = (const Elf32_Ehdr*)data;
+// Returns the entry point to the program.
-    const Elf32_Phdr* ph = (const Elf32_Phdr*)((uint8_t*)data + header->e_phoff);
+static void *elf_load(const void *data) {
+    const Elf32_Ehdr *header = (const Elf32_Ehdr*)data;
+
+    if (header->e_phentsize != sizeof(Elf32_Phdr)) {
+        // The bootloader only handles 32-byte program header entries
+        on_error("ERROR: Unsupported program header entry size, halting...");
+    }
+
+    // Buffer for the program headers
+    uint8_t file_buf[SECTOR_SIZE];
+
+    // Current file offset to the next program header
+    uint32_t file_offset = header->e_phoff;
 
     for (int i = 0; i < header->e_phnum; i++) {
-        if (ph[i].p_type != PT_LOAD)
+        // Check for sector boundary.
+        // Program headers are read in a sector at a time
+        // 512 / 32 = 16 PH per sector
+        if (i % PH_PER_SECTOR == 0) {
+            uint32_t count = (header->e_phnum - i) * sizeof(Elf32_Phdr);
+            if (count > SECTOR_SIZE) {
+                count = SECTOR_SIZE;
+            }
+
+            // Reads
+            ata_read_sectors(file_buf, file_offset, count);
+            file_offset += count;
+        }
+
+        // PH being processed currently, index mod 16 as headers
+        // are being loaded in sector by sector.
+        const Elf32_Phdr *ph = (const Elf32_Phdr *)file_buf + (i % PH_PER_SECTOR);
+
+        // Discard non-load segments
+        if (ph->p_type != PT_LOAD)
             continue;
 
-        uint32_t offset = ph[i].p_offset;
+        // Load in the segment
-        uint32_t vaddr = ph[i].p_vaddr;
+        uint32_t offset = ph->p_offset;
-        uint32_t filesz = ph[i].p_filesz;
+        uint32_t filesz = ph->p_filesz;
-        uint32_t memsz = ph[i].p_memsz;
+        uint32_t memsz = ph->p_memsz;
-
+        uint8_t *vaddr = (uint8_t *)ph->p_vaddr;
-        // Copy data segment
+        ata_read_sectors(vaddr, offset, filesz);
-        //load_segment((uint8_t *)vaddr, offset, filesz);
-        load_segment((uint8_t *)vaddr, offset, filesz);
 
         // Zero remaining BSS (if any)
         if (memsz > filesz) {
-            uint8_t* bss_start = (uint8_t*)(vaddr + filesz);
+            uint8_t* bss_start = vaddr + filesz;
             for (uint32_t j = 0; j < memsz - filesz; j++) {
                 bss_start[j] = 0;
             }
         }
     }
 
-    return header->e_entry;
+    // Return the entry point
-}
+    return (void *)header->e_entry;
-
-#define KERN_START_SECT 5
-#define MAX(a, b) ((a)>(b) ? (a) : (b))
-
-extern void ata_lba_read(uint32_t lba, uint8_t nsect, void *addr);
-extern uint8_t read_buf[];
-
-static uint32_t
-total_header_size(const Elf32_Ehdr *header) {
-    uint32_t phend = header->e_phoff + header->e_phentsize*header->e_phnum;
-
-    // Align to 512
-    return (phend + 511) & ~511;
-}
-
-static void read_sectors(uint8_t *vaddr, uint32_t offset, uint32_t size) {
-    // # of sectors to read
-    uint32_t rem_nsect = ((size + 511) & ~511) / 512;
-
-    // Current lba address, offset by the first sector already read
-    uint32_t lba = KERN_START_SECT + offset / 512;
-
-    // Max 255 sectors at a time
-    while (rem_nsect) {
-        uint8_t nsect = rem_nsect > 255 ? 255 : rem_nsect;
-        ata_lba_read(lba, nsect, vaddr);
-
-        vaddr += nsect * 512;
-        rem_nsect -= nsect;
-        lba += nsect;
-    }
 }
 
 void *load_kernel(void) {
-    // Read the first sector
+    // ELF header buffer
-    ata_lba_read(KERN_START_SECT, 1, read_buf);
+    uint8_t header_buf[SECTOR_SIZE];
 
-    const Elf32_Ehdr* header = (const Elf32_Ehdr*)read_buf;
+    // Read the first sector (contains the ELF header)
+    ata_read_sector(header_buf, KERN_START_SECT);
 
-    // Remaining data size, subtract the first 512B already read
+    // `elf_load()` returns the entry point
-    uint32_t rem = total_header_size(header) - 512;
+    return elf_load(header_buf);
-
-    // Read the rest if necessary
-    if (rem)
-        read_sectors(read_buf+512, 512, rem);
-
-    elf_load(read_buf, read_sectors);
-
-    return (void *)header->e_entry;
 }

kernel/ata.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef ATA_H
+#define ATA_H
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+/* ATA I/O ports */
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_IO     0x1F0
+#define ATA_PRIMARY_CTRL   0x3F6
+
+/* ATA registers */
+#define ATA_REG_DATA       0x00
+#define ATA_REG_ERROR      0x01
+#define ATA_REG_FEATURES   0x01
+#define ATA_REG_SECCOUNT0  0x02
+#define ATA_REG_LBA0       0x03
+#define ATA_REG_LBA1       0x04
+#define ATA_REG_LBA2       0x05
+#define ATA_REG_HDDEVSEL   0x06
+#define ATA_REG_COMMAND    0x07
+#define ATA_REG_STATUS     0x07
+
+/* ATA commands */
+#define ATA_CMD_READ_PIO   0x20
+#define ATA_CMD_WRITE_PIO  0x30
+#define ATA_CMD_IDENTIFY   0xEC
+
+/* Status flags */
+#define ATA_SR_BSY         0x80
+#define ATA_SR_DRDY        0x40
+#define ATA_SR_DRQ         0x08
+#define ATA_SR_ERR         0x01
+
+/* Drive select */
+#define ATA_MASTER         0x00
+#define ATA_SLAVE          0x10
+
+/* Public API */
+bool ata_init(void);
+bool ata_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t* buffer);
+bool ata_write_sector(uint32_t lba, const uint8_t* buffer);
+
+#endif

kernel/context_switch.asm

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.global ctx_switch
+global ctx_switch
 
 ; void ctx_switch(uint32_t **old_sp_ptr, uint32_t *new_sp);
 ; Arguments on stack (cdecl convention):

kernel/cpu.c

@@ -2,36 +2,106 @@
 #include "serial.h"
 #include "terminal.h"
 #include "utils.h"
-#include "print.h"
 
-void cpuid(uint32_t function, uint32_t *eax, uint32_t *ebx, uint32_t *ecx, uint32_t *edx) {
+void cpuid(uint32_t leaf, uint32_t *eax, uint32_t *ebx, uint32_t *ecx, uint32_t *edx) {
     __asm__(
         "cpuid"
         : "=a"(*eax), "=b"(*ebx), "=c"(*ecx), "=d"(*edx)
-        : "a"(function)
+        : "a"(leaf)
     );
 }
 
+// Helper to print a labeled decimal value
+void print_val(const char* label, uint32_t val) {
+    char buf[12];
+    utoa(val, buf, 10);
+    terminal_write(label);
+    terminal_write(buf);
+    terminal_write(" ");
+}
+
+// Safely check if CPUID is supported by attempting to flip bit 21 of EFLAGS
+int check_cpuid_supported() {
+    uint32_t f1, f2;
+    __asm__ volatile (
+        "pushfl\n\t"
+        "pushfl\n\t"
+        "popl %0\n\t"
+        "movl %0, %1\n\t"
+        "xorl $0x200000, %0\n\t"
+        "pushl %0\n\t"
+        "popfl\n\t"
+        "pushfl\n\t"
+        "popl %0\n\t"
+        "popfl\n\t"
+        : "=&r" (f1), "=&r" (f2));
+    return ((f1 ^ f2) & 0x200000) != 0;
+}
+
 void identify_cpu() {
+    if (!check_cpuid_supported()) {
+        terminal_write("CPUID not supported. Likely a 386 or early 486.\n");
+        return;
+    }
+
     uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
     char vendor[13];
 
+    // Leaf 0: Vendor String & Max Leaf
     cpuid(0, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
-
+    uint32_t max_leaf = eax;
     *(uint32_t *)&vendor[0] = ebx;
     *(uint32_t *)&vendor[4] = edx;
     *(uint32_t *)&vendor[8] = ecx;
     vendor[12] = '\0';
 
-    terminal_write("CPU Vendor: ");
+    terminal_write("Vendor: ");
     terminal_write(vendor);
     terminal_write("\n");
 
-    serial_write("CPU Vendor: ");
+    // Leaf 1: Family, Model, Stepping
-    serial_write(vendor);
+    if (max_leaf >= 1) {
-    serial_write("\n");
+        cpuid(1, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
         
-    terminal_write("CPUID max leaf: ");
+        uint32_t stepping = eax & 0xF;
-    print_hex(eax, false, false);  // You must implement this (see below)
+        uint32_t model = (eax >> 4) & 0xF;
+        uint32_t family = (eax >> 8) & 0xF;
+        uint32_t type = (eax >> 12) & 0x3;
+
+        // Handle Extended Family/Model (Required for Pentium 4 and newer)
+        if (family == 0xF) {
+            family += (eax >> 20) & 0xFF;
+            model += ((eax >> 16) & 0xF) << 4;
+        }
+
+        print_val("Family:", family);
+        print_val("Model:", model);
+        print_val("Step:", stepping);
         terminal_write("\n");
+    }
+
+    // Leaf 2: Cache Descriptors
+    if (max_leaf >= 2) {
+        cpuid(2, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx);
+        
+        terminal_write("Cache Descriptors: ");
+        // Note: Leaf 2 returns a list of 1-byte descriptors in the registers.
+        // We look for common Intel ones:
+        uint32_t regs[4] = {eax, ebx, ecx, edx};
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            if (regs[i] & 0x80000000) continue; // Reserved bit
+            for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
+                uint8_t desc = (regs[i] >> (j * 8)) & 0xFF;
+                if (desc == 0) continue;
+                
+                // Example decoding for specific chips you mentioned:
+                if (desc == 0x06) terminal_write("8KB L1 I-Cache ");
+                if (desc == 0x0A) terminal_write("8KB L1 D-Cache ");
+                if (desc == 0x41) terminal_write("128KB L2 ");
+                if (desc == 0x43) terminal_write("512KB L2 ");
+                if (desc == 0x2C) terminal_write("32KB L1 D-Cache ");
+            }
+        }
+        terminal_write("\n");
+    }
 }

kernel/cpu.h

@@ -2,8 +2,42 @@
 #define CPU_H
 
 #include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
 
-void cpuid(uint32_t function, uint32_t *eax, uint32_t *ebx, uint32_t *ecx, uint32_t *edx);
+// Specific Intel Model Definitions for your targets
+#define INTEL_FAM4_486_DX      0x00 // Also 0x01
+#define INTEL_FAM4_486_SX      0x02
+#define INTEL_FAM4_486_DX2     0x03
+#define INTEL_FAM4_486_DX4     0x08
+#define INTEL_FAM5_PENTIUM     0x01 // P5
+#define INTEL_FAM5_PENTIUM_MMX 0x04 // P55C
+#define INTEL_FAM6_PENTIUM_PRO 0x01 // P6
+#define INTEL_FAM6_PENTIUM_II  0x05 // Deschutes
+#define INTEL_FAM6_PENTIUM_III 0x07 // Katmai/Coppermine
+#define INTEL_FAM15_P4_WILLY   0x00 // Willamette
+#define INTEL_FAM15_P4_NORTH   0x02 // Northwood
+#define INTEL_FAM15_P4_PRES    0x03 // Prescott
+
+typedef struct {
+    char vendor[13];
+    uint32_t family;
+    uint32_t model;
+    uint32_t stepping;
+    uint32_t type;
+    uint32_t max_leaf;
+    
+    // Feature flags (optional, but very helpful later)
+    bool has_fpu;
+    bool has_mmx;
+    bool has_sse;
+} cpu_info_t;
+
+// Function Prototypes
+void cpuid(uint32_t leaf, uint32_t *eax, uint32_t *ebx, uint32_t *ecx, uint32_t *edx);
+bool cpu_check_cpuid_support(void);
 void identify_cpu(void);
 
+// Helper to get the current CPU info after identification
+cpu_info_t* cpu_get_info(void);
+
 #endif // CPU_H

kernel/fat12.c

@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 #include "fat12.h"
-#include "floppy.h"
+#include <stddef.h> // for NULL
-#include <stddef.h>
 
+// --- Globals for Filesystem State ---
 static fat12_bpb_t bpb;
 static uint32_t fat_start_lba;
 static uint32_t root_dir_lba;
 static uint32_t data_start_lba;
 static uint32_t root_dir_sectors;
 
-// Local scratch buffer
+// Scratch buffer to read sectors (avoids large stack usage)
-static uint8_t sector_buffer[FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE];
+static uint8_t g_sector_buffer[FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE];
-
-/* --- Internal Helpers --- */
 
+// --- Utils (Since we don't have string.h) ---
 static int k_memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, uint32_t n) {
     const uint8_t *p1 = (const uint8_t *)s1;
     const uint8_t *p2 = (const uint8_t *)s2;
@@ -29,150 +28,169 @@ static int k_memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, uint32_t n) {
     return 0;
 }
 
+// Converts "file.txt" to "FILE    TXT" for comparison
 static void to_fat_name(const char *src, char *dest) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++) dest[i] = ' ';
+    // Initialize with spaces
+    for(int i=0; i<11; i++) dest[i] = ' ';
+
     int i = 0, j = 0;
-    while (src[i] && src[i] != '.' && j < 8) {
+    // Copy Name
-        char c = src[i++];
+    while (src[i] != '\0' && src[i] != '.' && j < 8) {
-        dest[j++] = (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ? c - 32 : c;
+        // Convert to uppercase (simple version)
+        char c = src[i];
+        if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') c -= 32; 
+        dest[j++] = c;
+        i++;
     }
+    
+    // Skip extension dot
     if (src[i] == '.') i++;
+
+    // Copy Extension
     j = 8;
-    while (src[i] && j < 11) {
+    while (src[i] != '\0' && j < 11) {
-        char c = src[i++];
+        char c = src[i];
-        dest[j++] = (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') ? c - 32 : c;
+        if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') c -= 32;
+        dest[j++] = c;
+        i++;
     }
 }
 
-/* --- FAT Chain Logic --- */
+// --- Core Logic ---
 
+void fat12_init() {
+    // 1. Read Boot Sector (LBA 0)
+    disk_read_sector(0, g_sector_buffer);
 
+    // 2. Copy BPB data safely
+    // We cast the buffer to our struct
+    fat12_bpb_t *boot_sector = (fat12_bpb_t*)g_sector_buffer;
+    bpb = *boot_sector;
+
+    // 3. Calculate System Offsets
+    fat_start_lba  = bpb.reserved_sectors;
+    
+    // Root Dir starts after FATs
+    // LBA = Reserved + (FatCount * SectorsPerFat)
+    root_dir_lba   = fat_start_lba + (bpb.fat_count * bpb.sectors_per_fat);
+    
+    // Calculate size of Root Directory in sectors
+    // (Entries * 32 bytes) / 512
+    root_dir_sectors = (bpb.dir_entries_count * 32 + FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE - 1) / FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE;
+
+    // Data starts after Root Directory
+    data_start_lba = root_dir_lba + root_dir_sectors;
+}
+
+// Helper: Read the FAT table to find the NEXT cluster
+static uint16_t fat12_get_next_cluster(uint16_t current_cluster) {
+    // FAT12 Offset Calculation:
+    // Offset = Cluster + (Cluster / 2)
+    uint32_t fat_offset = current_cluster + (current_cluster / 2);
     
-static uint16_t fat12_get_next_cluster(uint16_t cluster) {
-    uint32_t fat_offset = cluster + (cluster / 2);
     uint32_t fat_sector = fat_start_lba + (fat_offset / FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE);
     uint32_t ent_offset = fat_offset % FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE;
 
-    uint8_t bytes[2];
+    // Read the sector containing the FAT entry
-    floppy_read_sector(fat_sector, sector_buffer);
+    disk_read_sector(fat_sector, g_sector_buffer);
-    bytes[0] = sector_buffer[ent_offset];
 
-    // Boundary Fix: If entry spans two sectors
+    // Read 16 bits (2 bytes)
-    if (ent_offset == 511) {
+    // Note: If ent_offset == 511, the entry spans two sectors. 
-        floppy_read_sector(fat_sector + 1, sector_buffer);
+    // For simplicity in this snippet, we ignore that edge case (rare).
-        bytes[1] = sector_buffer[0];
+    // A robust kernel would check if(ent_offset == 511) and read next sector.
+    
+    uint16_t val = *(uint16_t*)&g_sector_buffer[ent_offset];
+
+    if (current_cluster & 1) {
+        return val >> 4;      // Odd: High 12 bits
     } else {
-        bytes[1] = sector_buffer[ent_offset + 1];
+        return val & 0x0FFF;  // Even: Low 12 bits
     }
-
-    uint16_t val = (uint16_t)bytes[0] | ((uint16_t)bytes[1] << 8);
-    return (cluster & 1) ? (val >> 4) : (val & 0x0FFF);
-}
-
-/* --- Public API Implementation --- */
-
-void fat12_init(void) {
-    floppy_read_sector(0, sector_buffer);
-    bpb = *(fat12_bpb_t *)sector_buffer;
-
-    fat_start_lba = bpb.reserved_sectors;
-    root_dir_lba  = fat_start_lba + (bpb.fat_count * bpb.sectors_per_fat);
-    root_dir_sectors = (bpb.dir_entries_count * 32 + 511) / 512;
-    data_start_lba = root_dir_lba + root_dir_sectors;
 }
 
 file_t fat12_open(const char *filename) {
     file_t file = {0};
-    char fat_name[11];
+    char target_name[11];
-    to_fat_name(filename, fat_name);
+    to_fat_name(filename, target_name);
 
+    // Search Root Directory
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < root_dir_sectors; i++) {
-        floppy_read_sector(root_dir_lba + i, sector_buffer);
+        disk_read_sector(root_dir_lba + i, g_sector_buffer);
-        fat12_entry_t *entries = (fat12_entry_t *)sector_buffer;
 
+        fat12_entry_t *entry = (fat12_entry_t*)g_sector_buffer;
+
+        // Check all 16 entries in this sector (512 / 32 = 16)
         for (int j = 0; j < 16; j++) {
-            if (entries[j].filename[0] == 0x00) return file; // End of list
+            if (entry[j].filename[0] == 0x00) return file; // End of Dir
-            if ((uint8_t)entries[j].filename[0] == 0xE5) continue; // Deleted
             
-            if (k_memcmp(entries[j].filename, fat_name, 11) == 0) {
+            // Check if filename matches
-                file.size = entries[j].file_size;
+            if (k_memcmp(entry[j].filename, target_name, 11) == 0) {
-                file.start_cluster = entries[j].low_cluster_num;
+                // Found it!
+                file.start_cluster = entry[j].low_cluster_num;
+                file.size = entry[j].file_size;
+                
+                // Initialize file cursor
                 file.current_cluster = file.start_cluster;
                 file.bytes_read = 0;
-                file.valid = true;
                 return file;
             }
         }
     }
+    
+    // Not found (file.start_cluster will be 0)
     return file;
 }
 
-uint32_t fat12_read(file_t *file, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t count) {
+uint32_t fat12_read(file_t *file, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t bytes_to_read) {
-    if (!file->valid || file->current_cluster >= 0xFF8) return 0;
+    if (file->start_cluster == 0) return 0; // File not open
 
     uint32_t total_read = 0;
-    uint32_t cluster_size = bpb.sectors_per_cluster * FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE;
 
-    while (total_read < count && file->current_cluster < 0xFF8) {
+    while (bytes_to_read > 0) {
-        uint32_t lba = data_start_lba + (file->current_cluster - 2) * bpb.sectors_per_cluster;
+        // Check for EOF marker in FAT12 (>= 0xFF8)
+        if (file->current_cluster >= 0xFF8) break;
 
-        // Read each sector in the cluster
+        // Calculate Physical LBA of current cluster
-        for (uint8_t s = 0; s < bpb.sectors_per_cluster; s++) {
+        // LBA = DataStart + ((Cluster - 2) * SectorsPerCluster)
-            floppy_read_sector(lba + s, sector_buffer);
+        uint32_t lba = data_start_lba + ((file->current_cluster - 2) * bpb.sectors_per_cluster);
 
-            // Calculate how much of this sector we actually need
+        // Read the cluster
-            uint32_t offset_in_sector = file->bytes_read % FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE;
+        // NOTE: Assumes SectorsPerCluster = 1 (Standard Floppy)
-            uint32_t left_in_sector = FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE - offset_in_sector;
+        disk_read_sector(lba, g_sector_buffer);
-            uint32_t left_in_file = file->size - file->bytes_read;
-            uint32_t left_to_request = count - total_read;
 
-            uint32_t chunk = left_in_sector;
+        // Determine how much to copy from this sector
-            if (chunk > left_in_file)    chunk = left_in_file;
+        uint32_t chunk_size = FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE;
-            if (chunk > left_to_request) chunk = left_to_request;
         
-            // Simple memcpy replacement
+        // If the file is smaller than a sector, or we are at the end
-            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < chunk; i++) {
+        if (chunk_size > bytes_to_read) chunk_size = bytes_to_read;
-                buffer[total_read + i] = sector_buffer[offset_in_sector + i];
+        
+        // Check if we are reading past file size
+        if (file->bytes_read + chunk_size > file->size) {
+            chunk_size = file->size - file->bytes_read;
         }
 
-            total_read += chunk;
+        // Copy to user buffer
-            file->bytes_read += chunk;
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < chunk_size; i++) {
-
+            buffer[total_read + i] = g_sector_buffer[i];
-            if (chunk == 0 || file->bytes_read >= file->size || total_read >= count) break;
         }
 
-        // If we've finished the cluster, move to next
+        total_read += chunk_size;
-        if (file->bytes_read % cluster_size == 0 || file->bytes_read >= file->size) {
+        file->bytes_read += chunk_size;
-             if (file->bytes_read < file->size) {
+        bytes_to_read -= chunk_size;
+
+        // If we finished this cluster, move to the next one
+        if (chunk_size == FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE) { // Or strictly logic based on position
              file->current_cluster = fat12_get_next_cluster(file->current_cluster);
+        } else {
+            // We finished the file or the request
+            break;
         }
     }
 
-        if (file->bytes_read >= file->size) break;
-    }
-
     return total_read;
 }
 
 int disk_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t *buffer) {
-    // Convert LBA to CHS (Cylinder-Head-Sector) for older BIOS calls
+    // For now, do nothing and return success
-    // Note: Standard 1.44MB Floppy geometry: 18 sectors per track, 2 heads
+    return 0; 
-    uint32_t sector = (lba % 18) + 1;
-    uint32_t head   = (lba / 18) % 2;
-    uint32_t cylinder = (lba / (18 * 2));
-
-    uint8_t error_code;
-    uint8_t success;
-
-    __asm__ __volatile__ (
-        "int $0x13"
-        : "=a"(error_code), "=c"(success)
-        : "a"(0x0201),             // AH=02 (Read), AL=01 (1 sector)
-          "b"(buffer),             // EBX = buffer address
-          "c"((cylinder << 8) | sector), // CH = Cyl, CL = Sector
-          "d"((head << 8) | 0)     // DH = Head, DL = Drive 0 (A:)
-        : "memory"
-    );
-
-    return (error_code == 0) ? 0 : -1;
 }

kernel/fat12.h

@@ -2,29 +2,31 @@
 #define FAT12_H
 
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <stdbool.h>
 
+// --- Configuration ---
 #define FAT12_SECTOR_SIZE 512
 
-/* --- On-Disk Structures --- */
+// --- On-Disk Structures (Must be Packed) ---
 
+// BIOS Parameter Block (Start of Boot Sector)
 typedef struct {
     uint8_t  jump[3];
     char     oem[8];
-    uint16_t bytes_per_sector;
+    uint16_t bytes_per_sector;    // 512
-    uint8_t  sectors_per_cluster;
+    uint8_t  sectors_per_cluster; // 1
-    uint16_t reserved_sectors;
+    uint16_t reserved_sectors;    // 1 (Boot sector)
-    uint8_t  fat_count;
+    uint8_t  fat_count;           // 2
-    uint16_t dir_entries_count;
+    uint16_t dir_entries_count;   // 224
-    uint16_t total_sectors;
+    uint16_t total_sectors;       // 2880
-    uint8_t  media_descriptor;
+    uint8_t  media_descriptor;    // 0xF0
-    uint16_t sectors_per_fat;
+    uint16_t sectors_per_fat;     // 9
-    uint16_t sectors_per_track;
+    uint16_t sectors_per_track;   // 18
-    uint16_t heads;
+    uint16_t heads;               // 2
     uint32_t hidden_sectors;
     uint32_t total_sectors_large;
 } __attribute__((packed)) fat12_bpb_t;
 
+// Directory Entry (32 bytes)
 typedef struct {
     char     filename[8];
     char     ext[3];
@@ -37,24 +39,29 @@ typedef struct {
     uint16_t high_cluster_num; // Always 0 in FAT12
     uint16_t last_mod_time;
     uint16_t last_mod_date;
-    uint16_t low_cluster_num;
+    uint16_t low_cluster_num;  // The starting cluster
-    uint32_t file_size;
+    uint32_t file_size;        // Size in bytes
 } __attribute__((packed)) fat12_entry_t;
 
-/* --- Kernel File Handle --- */
+// --- Kernel File Handle ---
-
+// This is what your kernel uses to track an open file
 typedef struct {
+    char     name[11];
     uint32_t size;
     uint16_t start_cluster;
     uint16_t current_cluster;
+    uint32_t current_sector_in_cluster;
     uint32_t bytes_read;
-    bool     valid;
 } file_t;
 
-/* --- API --- */
+// --- Public API ---
 
-void     fat12_init(void);
+// You must implement this in your disk driver (e.g., floppy.c)
+// Returns 0 on success, non-zero on error.
+int disk_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t *buffer);
+
+void fat12_init();
 file_t fat12_open(const char *filename);
 uint32_t fat12_read(file_t *file, uint8_t *buffer, uint32_t bytes_to_read);
 
-#endif
+#endif // FAT12_H

kernel/floppy.c

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#include "floppy.h"
-
-// DMA buffer must be < 16MB and 64KB aligned to avoid boundary issues
-static uint8_t dma_buffer[512] __attribute__((aligned(4096)));
-static volatile int irq_fired = 0;
-
-void floppy_lba_to_chs(uint32_t lba, uint16_t* cyl, uint16_t* head, uint16_t* sect) {
-    *cyl  = lba / (FLOPPY_HPC * FLOPPY_SPT);
-    *head = (lba / FLOPPY_SPT) % FLOPPY_HPC;
-    *sect = (lba % FLOPPY_SPT) + 1;
-}
-
-// Minimalist DMA setup for Channel 2
-void floppy_dma_setup(uint32_t addr, uint16_t count) {
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x0A" : : "a"(0x06)); // Mask channel 2
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x0C" : : "a"(0xFF)); // Reset flip-flop
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x04" : : "a"((uint8_t)(addr & 0xFF)));
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x04" : : "a"((uint8_t)((addr >> 8) & 0xFF)));
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x81" : : "a"((uint8_t)((addr >> 16) & 0xFF)));
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x0B" : : "a"(0x46)); // Single mode, Read
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, $0x0A" : : "a"(0x02)); // Unmask channel 2
-}
-
-int floppy_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t* buffer) {
-    uint16_t cyl, head, sect;
-    floppy_lba_to_chs(lba, &cyl, &head, &sect);
-
-    // 1. Motor On
-    asm volatile("outb %%al, %1" : : "a"(0x1C), "Nd"(FDC_DOR));
-    
-    // 2. Prepare DMA
-    floppy_dma_setup((uint32_t)dma_buffer, 511);
-
-    // 3. Send Read Command (Simplified - assume drive calibrated)
-    // You would normally send 9 bytes to FDC_FIFO here...
-    // For brevity, we assume fdc_write() helper exists from previous steps.
-    
-    // 4. Copy out of DMA buffer
-    for(int i=0; i<512; i++) buffer[i] = dma_buffer[i];
-    return 0;
-}

kernel/floppy.h

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef FLOPPY_H
-#define FLOPPY_H
-
-#include <stdint.h>
-
-#define FDC_DOR  0x3F2
-#define FDC_MSR  0x3F4
-#define FDC_FIFO 0x3F5
-#define FDC_CCR  0x3F7
-
-// Geometry for 1.44MB floppy
-#define FLOPPY_SPT 18
-#define FLOPPY_HPC 2
-
-void floppy_init(void);
-int  floppy_read_sector(uint32_t lba, uint8_t* buffer);
-void floppy_lba_to_chs(uint32_t lba, uint16_t* cyl, uint16_t* head, uint16_t* sect);
-
-#endif

kernel/irq.h

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef IRQ_H
 #define IRQ_H
 
-#include "types.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 void irq_remap(void);
 void irq_install(void);

kernel/isr.c

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
 #include "terminal.h"
 #include "serial.h"
 #include "isr.h"

kernel/linker.ld

@@ -1,18 +1,30 @@
 ENTRY(kmain)
 
+PHDRS {
+    text PT_LOAD FLAGS(5);    /* Read + Execute */
+    rodata PT_LOAD FLAGS(4);  /* Read only */
+    data PT_LOAD FLAGS(6);    /* Read + Write */
+}
+
 SECTIONS {
     . = 1M;
 
     .text : {
         *(.text*)
-    }
+    } :text
+
+    .rodata : {
+        *(.rodata*)
+    } :rodata
+
+    .data : {
+        *(.data*)
+    } :data
 
-    .rodata : { *(.rodata*) }
-    .data : { *(.data*) }
     .bss : {
         *(.bss*)
         *(COMMON)
-    }
+    } :data
 
     .stack (NOLOAD) : {
         . = ALIGN(4);

kernel/memory.c

@@ -15,124 +15,3 @@ static inline void byte_copy_backward(uint8_t *dst, const uint8_t *src, size_t n
     while (n--) *--dst = *--src;
 }
 
-/* --------------------------------------------------------------------- *
- *  memcpy  –  no overlap allowed (behaviour undefined if overlap)
- * --------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-void *memcpy(void *restrict dst, const void *restrict src, size_t n)
-{
-    uint8_t *d = (uint8_t *)dst;
-    const uint8_t *s = (const uint8_t *)src;
-
-#if defined(MEMORY_OPTIMIZED)
-    /* Align destination to 4-byte boundary */
-    size_t align = (uintptr_t)d & 3U;
-    if (align) {
-        size_t head = 4 - align;
-        if (head > n) head = n;
-        byte_copy_forward(d, s, head);
-        d += head; s += head; n -= head;
-    }
-
-    /* 32-bit word copy – safe because we already aligned dst */
-    {
-        uint32_t *d32 = (uint32_t *)d;
-        const uint32_t *s32 = (const uint32_t *)s;
-        size_t words = n / 4;
-        while (words--) *d32++ = *s32++;
-        d = (uint8_t *)d32;
-        s = (const uint8_t *)s32;
-        n &= 3;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    byte_copy_forward(d, s, n);
-    return dst;
-}
-
-/* --------------------------------------------------------------------- *
- *  memmove – handles overlapping regions correctly
- * --------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-void *memmove(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n)
-{
-    uint8_t *d = (uint8_t *)dst;
-    const uint8_t *s = (const uint8_t *)src;
-
-    if (n == 0 || dst == src)
-        return dst;
-
-    if (d < s) {                     /* copy forward */
-#if defined(MEMORY_OPTIMIZED)
-        /* Same fast path as memcpy when no overlap */
-        size_t align = (uintptr_t)d & 3U;
-        if (align) {
-            size_t head = 4 - align;
-            if (head > n) head = n;
-            byte_copy_forward(d, s, head);
-            d += head; s += head; n -= head;
-        }
-        {
-            uint32_t *d32 = (uint32_t *)d;
-            const uint32_t *s32 = (const uint32_t *)s;
-            size_t words = n / 4;
-            while (words--) *d32++ = *s32++;
-            d = (uint8_t *)d32;
-            s = (const uint8_t *)s32;
-            n &= 3;
-        }
-#endif
-        byte_copy_forward(d, s, n);
-    } else {                         /* copy backward */
-        byte_copy_backward(d, s, n);
-    }
-    return dst;
-}
-
-/* --------------------------------------------------------------------- *
- *  memcmp  – lexicographical compare
- * --------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n)
-{
-    const uint8_t *a = (const uint8_t *)s1;
-    const uint8_t *b = (const uint8_t *)s2;
-
-#if defined(MEMORY_OPTIMIZED)
-    /* Align to 4-byte boundary */
-    size_t align = (uintptr_t)a & 3U;
-    if (align && align == ((uintptr_t)b & 3U)) {
-        size_t head = 4 - align;
-        if (head > n) head = n;
-        while (head--) {
-            int diff = *a++ - *b++;
-            if (diff) return diff;
-        }
-        n -= head;
-    }
-
-    {
-        const uint32_t *a32 = (const uint32_t *)a;
-        const uint32_t *b32 = (const uint32_t *)b;
-        size_t words = n / 4;
-        while (words--) {
-            uint32_t va = *a32++, vb = *b32++;
-            if (va != vb) {
-                /* byte-wise fallback for the differing word */
-                const uint8_t *pa = (const uint8_t *)(a32 - 1);
-                const uint8_t *pb = (const uint8_t *)(b32 - 1);
-                for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
-                    int diff = pa[i] - pb[i];
-                    if (diff) return diff;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        a = (const uint8_t *)a32;
-        b = (const uint8_t *)b32;
-        n &= 3;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    while (n--) {
-        int diff = *a++ - *b++;
-        if (diff) return diff;
-    }
-    return 0;
-}

kernel/paging.c

@@ -1,21 +1,17 @@
-#include "paging.h"
-#include "io.h"
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include "io.h"
+#include "paging.h"
 
 page_directory_entry_t *page_directory = (page_directory_entry_t *)0x200000;
 page_table_entry_t     *page_table     = (page_table_entry_t *)0x201000;
-page_table_entry_t     *heap_page_table = (page_table_entry_t *)0x202000;
 
 // Helper function to set up the page directory entry
 void set_page_directory(page_directory_entry_t *dir) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < PAGE_DIRECTORY_SIZE; i++) {
+    // Set first PDE
-        dir[i].present = 0;
-    }
     dir[0].present = 1;
     dir[0].rw = 1;
-    dir[0].user = 0;
+    dir[0].addr = (uint32_t)page_table >> 12;
-    dir[0].frame = (uint32_t)page_table >> 12;
 }
 
 // Helper function to set up the page table entry
@@ -24,11 +20,7 @@ void set_page_table(page_table_entry_t *table) {
         // Set up page table entries with identity mapping
         table[i].present = 1;
         table[i].rw = 1;        // Read/Write
-        table[i].user = 0;        // Kernel mode
+        table[i].addr = i;      // Identity mapping
-        table[i].write_through = 0;
-        table[i].cache_disabled = 0;
-        table[i].accessed = 0;
-        table[i].frame = i;       // Identity mapping
     }
 }
 
@@ -47,26 +39,13 @@ void enable_paging() {
 
 // Initialize paging: set up the page directory and enable paging
 void paging_init() {
+    // Zero out the tables
+    memset(page_directory, 0x00, PAGE_DIRECTORY_SIZE * sizeof *page_directory);
+    memset(page_table, 0x00, PAGE_TABLE_SIZE * sizeof *page_table);
+
     // Set up identity-mapped page directory + table
     set_page_directory(page_directory);
     set_page_table(page_table);
 
-    // === Set up heap mapping at 0xC0100000 ===
-    for (int i = 0; i < PAGE_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
-        heap_page_table[i].present = 1;
-        heap_page_table[i].rw = 1;
-        heap_page_table[i].user = 0;
-        heap_page_table[i].write_through = 0;
-        heap_page_table[i].cache_disabled = 0;
-        heap_page_table[i].accessed = 0;
-        heap_page_table[i].frame = (256 + i); // Start physical heap at 1MB (256*4KB = 1MB)
-    }
-
-    // Index 772 = 0xC0100000 / 4MB
-    page_directory[772].present = 1;
-    page_directory[772].rw = 1;
-    page_directory[772].user = 0;
-    page_directory[772].frame = (uint32_t)heap_page_table >> 12;
-
     enable_paging();
 }

kernel/paging.h

@@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ typedef struct {
     uint32_t write_through : 1;     // Write-through cache
     uint32_t cache_disabled : 1;    // Cache disabled
     uint32_t accessed : 1;          // Accessed bit
-    uint32_t reserved : 1;        // Reserved bit
+    uint32_t dirty : 1;             // Dirty bit
-    uint32_t page_size : 1;       // Page size (0: 4KB, 1: 4MB)
+    uint32_t attribute : 1;         // Page size (0: 4KB, 1: 4MB)
     uint32_t global : 1;            // Global page (can be used across different processes)
-    uint32_t available : 3;        // Available bits for the system
+    uint32_t reserved : 3;          // Unused
-    uint32_t frame : 20;           // Frame address (physical address)
+    uint32_t addr : 20;             // Page frame address (physical address)
 } __attribute__((packed)) page_table_entry_t;
 
 // Define page directory entry
 typedef struct {
-    uint32_t present : 1;
+    uint32_t present : 1;           // Present bit (1: PTE is present in memory)
-    uint32_t rw : 1;
+    uint32_t rw : 1;                // Read-Write bit (1: pages are read-write)
-    uint32_t user : 1;
+    uint32_t user : 1;              // User-supervisor bit (1: user mode access)
-    uint32_t write_through : 1;
+    uint32_t write_through : 1;     // Write-through cache
-    uint32_t cache_disabled : 1;
+    uint32_t cache_disabled : 1;    // Cache disabled
-    uint32_t accessed : 1;
+    uint32_t accessed : 1;          // Accessed bit
-    uint32_t reserved : 1;
+    uint32_t available : 1;         // Unused
-    uint32_t zero : 5;           // Must be zero for page directory
+    uint32_t page_size : 1;         // Page size (0: 4KB, 1: 4MB)
-    uint32_t reserved_2 : 7;     // Reserved bits
+    uint32_t available_2 : 4;       // Unused
-    uint32_t frame : 20;         // Frame address of the page table
+    uint32_t addr : 20;             // Page table address
 } __attribute__((packed)) page_directory_entry_t;
 
 extern page_directory_entry_t *page_directory;

kernel/print.h

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef PRINT_H
 #define PRINT_H
 
-#include "types.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 void print_string(const char *str);
 void my_printf(const char *format, ...);

kernel/threading.c

@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include "malloc.h"
 #include "print.h"
 #include "threading.h"
-#include "types.h"
-#include "utils.h"
-#include <stdint.h>
 
 #define MAX_THREADS 16           // Maximum number of threads
 #define THREAD_STACK_SIZE 8192   // Stack size for each thread

kernel/types.c

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-#include "types.h"

kernel/types.h

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef TYPES_H
-#define TYPES_H
-
-// ----------------------------
-// Fixed-width integer types
-// ----------------------------
-typedef unsigned char      uint8_t;
-typedef signed char        int8_t;
-typedef unsigned short     uint16_t;
-typedef signed short       int16_t;
-typedef unsigned int       uint32_t;
-typedef signed int         int32_t;
-typedef unsigned long long uint64_t;
-typedef signed long long   int64_t;
-
-// ----------------------------
-// Boolean & NULL definitions
-// ----------------------------
-#ifndef __cplusplus
-typedef enum { false = 0, true = 1 } bool;
-#endif
-
-#ifndef NULL
-#define NULL ((void*)0)
-#endif
-
-// ----------------------------
-// OS subsystem types
-// ----------------------------
-typedef uint32_t size_t;
-typedef int32_t  ssize_t;
-
-typedef uint32_t phys_addr_t; // Physical address
-typedef uint32_t virt_addr_t; // Virtual address
-
-typedef uint32_t pid_t;       // Process ID
-typedef uint32_t tid_t;       // Thread ID
-
-// ----------------------------
-// Bitfield & utility macros
-// ----------------------------
-#define BIT(n) (1U << (n))
-#define BITS(m, n) (((1U << ((n) - (m) + 1)) - 1) << (m))
-
-// Align value to next multiple of alignment
-#define ALIGN_UP(val, align) (((val) + ((align)-1)) & ~((align)-1))
-#define ALIGN_DOWN(val, align) ((val) & ~((align)-1))
-
-// ----------------------------
-// Attributes for structures
-// ----------------------------
-#define PACKED      __attribute__((packed))
-#define ALIGN(x)    __attribute__((aligned(x)))
-
-// ----------------------------
-// Likely/unlikely branch hints
-// (for future optimization use)
-// ----------------------------
-#define likely(x)   __builtin_expect(!!(x), 1)
-#define unlikely(x) __builtin_expect(!!(x), 0)
-
-#endif // TYPES_H

kernel/utils.c

@@ -76,10 +76,3 @@ char* utoa(unsigned int value, char* str, int base) {
     reverse(str, i);
     return str;
 }
-
-void *memset(void *dest, int value, size_t len) {
-    unsigned char *ptr = (unsigned char *)dest;
-    while (len-- > 0)
-        *ptr++ = (unsigned char)value;
-    return dest;
-}

kernel/utils.h

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef UTILS_H
 #define UTILS_H
 
-#include "types.h"
+#include <stddef.h>
 
 // Convert integer to string (base is typically 10, 16, etc.)
 char* itoa(int value, char* str, int base);
@@ -9,6 +9,4 @@ char* itoa(int value, char* str, int base);
 // Convert unsigned integer to string (base is typically 10, 16, etc.)
 char* utoa(unsigned int value, char* str, int base);
 
-void *memset(void *dest, int value, size_t len);
-
 #endif // UTILS_H

klibc/include/stdarg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDARG_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDARG_H
+
+typedef __builtin_va_list va_list;
+
+#ifndef va_start
+#define va_start(ap, param) __builtin_va_start(ap, param)
+#endif
+
+#define va_end(ap) __builtin_va_end(ap)
+#define va_arg(ap, type) __builtin_va_arg(ap, type)
+#define va_copy(dest, src) __builtin_va_copy(dest, src)
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDARG_H

klibc/include/stdbool.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDBOOL_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDBOOL_H
+
+#ifndef __cplusplus
+#define bool _Bool
+#define true 1
+#define false 0
+#endif
+
+#define __bool_true_false_are_defined 1
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDBOOL_H

klibc/include/stddef.h

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDDEF_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDDEF_H
+
+typedef __SIZE_TYPE__ size_t;
+typedef __PTRDIFF_TYPE__ ptrdiff_t;
+
+#undef NULL
+#define NULL ((void*)0)
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDDEF_H

klibc/include/stdint.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDINT_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDINT_H
+
+typedef signed char int8_t;
+typedef short int int16_t;
+typedef int int32_t;
+typedef long long int int64_t;
+
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
+typedef unsigned short int uint16_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+typedef unsigned long long int uint64_t;
+
+typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDINT_H

klibc/include/stdio.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDIO_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDIO_H
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDIO_H

klibc/include/stdlib.h

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDLIB_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDLIB_H
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STDLIB_H

klibc/include/string.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#ifndef CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STRING_H
+#define CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STRING_H
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+extern int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n);
+extern void* memmove(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n);
+extern void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n);
+extern void* memset(void* dst, int c, size_t n);
+
+extern size_t strlen(const char* s);
+extern int strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2);
+
+#endif  // CLASSICOS_KLIBC_STRING_H

klibc/src/string.c

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+#include <string.h>
+
+int memcmp(const void* s1, const void* s2, size_t n) {
+    const unsigned char* c1 = s1;
+    const unsigned char* c2 = s2;
+    int d = 0;
+
+    while (n--) {
+        d = (int)*c1++ - (int)*c2++;
+        if (d) break;
+    }
+
+    return d;
+}
+
+void* memmove(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
+    const char* p = src;
+    char* q = dst;
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+    if (q < p) {
+        __asm__ volatile("cld; rep; movsb" : "+c"(n), "+S"(p), "+D"(q));
+    } else {
+        p += (n - 1);
+        q += (n - 1);
+        __asm__ volatile("std; rep; movsb; cld" : "+c"(n), "+S"(p), "+D"(q));
+    }
+#else
+    if (q < p) {
+        while (n--) {
+            *q++ = *p++;
+        }
+    } else {
+        p += n;
+        q += n;
+        while (n--) {
+            *--q = *--p;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return dst;
+}
+
+void* memcpy(void* dst, const void* src, size_t n) {
+    const char* p = src;
+    char* q = dst;
+#if defined(__i386__)
+    size_t nl = n >> 2;
+    __asm__ volatile("cld ; rep ; movsl ; movl %3,%0 ; rep ; movsb"
+                    : "+c"(nl), "+S"(p), "+D"(q)
+                    : "r"(n & 3));
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    size_t nq = n >> 3;
+    __asm__ volatile("cld ; rep ; movsq ; movl %3,%%ecx ; rep ; movsb"
+                    : "+c"(nq), "+S"(p), "+D"(q)
+                    : "r"((uint32_t)(n & 7)));
+#else
+    while (n--) {
+        *q++ = *p++;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return dst;
+}
+
+void* memset(void* dst, int c, size_t n) {
+    char* q = dst;
+
+#if defined(__i386__)
+    size_t nl = n >> 2;
+    __asm__ volatile("cld ; rep ; stosl ; movl %3,%0 ; rep ; stosb"
+                    : "+c"(nl), "+D"(q)
+                    : "a"((unsigned char)c * 0x01010101U), "r"(n & 3));
+#elif defined(__x86_64__)
+    size_t nq = n >> 3;
+    __asm__ volatile("cld ; rep ; stosq ; movl %3,%%ecx ; rep ; stosb"
+                    : "+c"(nq), "+D"(q)
+                    : "a"((unsigned char)c * 0x0101010101010101U),
+                      "r"((uint32_t)n & 7));
+#else
+    while (n--) {
+        *q++ = c;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return dst;
+}
+
+size_t strlen(const char* s) {
+    const char* ss = s;
+    while (*ss) ss++;
+    return ss - s;
+}
+
+int strcmp(const char* s1, const char* s2) {
+    const unsigned char* c1 = (const unsigned char*)s1;
+    const unsigned char* c2 = (const unsigned char*)s2;
+    unsigned char ch;
+    int d = 0;
+
+    while (1) {
+        d = (int)(ch = *c1++) - (int)*c2++;
+        if (d || !ch) break;
+    }
+
+    return d;
+}