doing some memory work and gdt and timer and vga

kernel/gdt.c

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#include "gdt.h"
+
+// Structure of a GDT entry (8 bytes)
+struct gdt_entry {
+    uint16_t limit_low;   // Limit bits 0–15
+    uint16_t base_low;    // Base bits 0–15
+    uint8_t  base_middle; // Base bits 16–23
+    uint8_t  access;      // Access flags
+    uint8_t  granularity; // Granularity + limit bits 16–19
+    uint8_t  base_high;   // Base bits 24–31
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+// Structure of the GDT pointer
+struct gdt_ptr {
+    uint16_t limit;
+    uint32_t base;
+} __attribute__((packed));
+
+// Declare GDT with 3 entries
+static struct gdt_entry gdt[3];
+static struct gdt_ptr gp;
+
+// External ASM function to load GDT
+extern void gdt_flush(uint32_t);
+
+// Set an individual GDT entry
+static void gdt_set_gate(int num, uint32_t base, uint32_t limit, uint8_t access, uint8_t granularity) {
+    gdt[num].base_low    = (base & 0xFFFF);
+    gdt[num].base_middle = (base >> 16) & 0xFF;
+    gdt[num].base_high   = (base >> 24) & 0xFF;
+
+    gdt[num].limit_low   = (limit & 0xFFFF);
+    gdt[num].granularity = ((limit >> 16) & 0x0F) | (granularity & 0xF0);
+
+    gdt[num].access      = access;
+}
+
+// Initialize the GDT
+void gdt_init(void) {
+    gp.limit = (sizeof(struct gdt_entry) * 3) - 1;
+    gp.base  = (uint32_t)&gdt;
+
+    gdt_set_gate(0, 0, 0, 0, 0);                // Null segment
+    gdt_set_gate(1, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0x9A, 0xCF); // Code segment
+    gdt_set_gate(2, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0x92, 0xCF); // Data segment
+
+    gdt_flush((uint32_t)&gp);
+}